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From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes
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1 ) Develop and use models and appropriate terminology to identify regions,
directions, planes, and cavities in the human body to locate organs and systems. |
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2 ) Analyze characteristics of tissue types (e.g., epithelial tissue) and
construct an explanation of how the chemical and structural organizations of the
cells that form these tissues are specialized to conduct the function of that
tissue (e.g., lining, protecting). |
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3 ) Obtain and communicate information to explain the integumentary system's
structure and function, including layers and accessories of skin and types of
membranes. a. Analyze the effects of pathological conditions (e.g., burns, skin
cancer, bacterial and viral infections, chemical dermatitis) to determine the
body's attempt to maintain homeostasis. |
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4 ) Use models to identify the structure and function of the skeletal system
(e.g., classification of bones by shape, classification of joints and the
appendicular and axial skeletons). a. Obtain and communicate information to demonstrate understanding of the
growth and development of the skeletal system (e.g., bone growth and
remodeling). b. Obtain and communicate information to demonstrate understanding of the
pathology of the skeletal system (e.g., types of bone fractures and their
treatment, osteoporosis, rickets, other bone diseases). |
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5 ) Develop and use models to illustrate the anatomy of the muscular system,
including muscle locations and groups, actions, origins and insertions. a. Plan and conduct investigations to explain the physiology of the
muscular system (e.g., muscle contraction/relaxation, muscle fatigue, muscle
tone), including pathological conditions (e.g., muscular dystrophy). |
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6 ) Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information regarding how the central
nervous system and peripheral nervous system interrelate, including how these
systems affect all other body systems to maintain homeostasis. a. Use scientific evidence to evaluate the effects of pathology on the
nervous system (e.g., Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, cerebral palsy, head trauma) and argue possible prevention and treatment options. b. Design a medication to treat a disorder associated with neurotransmission, including mode of entry into the body, form of medication, and desired effects.* |
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7 ) Use models to determine the relationship between the structures in and
functions of the cardiovascular system (e.g., components of blood, blood
circulation through the heart and systems of the body, ABO blood groups, anatomy
of the heart, types of blood vessels). a. Engage in argument from evidence regarding possible prevention and
treatment options related to the pathology of the cardiovascular system (e.g.,
myocardial infarction, mitral valve prolapse, varicose veins, arteriosclerosis,
anemia, high blood pressure). b. Design and carry out an experiment to test various conditions that affect the heart (e.g., heart rate, blood pressure, electrocardiogram [ECG] output). |
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8 ) Communicate scientific information to explain the relationship between the
structures and functions, both mechanical (e.g., chewing, churning in stomach)
and chemical (e.g., enzymes, hydrochloric acid [HCl] in stomach), of the
digestive system, including the accessory organs (e.g., salivary glands,
pancreas). a. Obtain and communicate information to demonstrate an understanding of
the disorders of the digestive system (e.g., ulcers, Crohn's disease,
diverticulitis). |
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9 ) Develop and use a model to explain how the organs of the respiratory system
function. a. Engage in argument from evidence describing how environmental (e.g.,
cigarette smoke, polluted air) and genetic factors may affect the respiratory
system, possibly leading to pathological conditions (e.g., cystic fibrosis). |
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10 ) Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to differentiate between the
male and female reproductive systems, including pathological conditions that
affect each. a. Use models to demonstrate what occurs in fetal development at each stage
of pregnancy. |
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11 ) Use models to differentiate the structures of the urinary system and to
describe their functions. a. Analyze and interpret data related to the urinary system to show the
relationship between homeostatic imbalances and disease (e.g., kidney stones,
effects of pH imbalances). |
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12 ) Obtain and communicate information to explain the lymphatic organs and their structure and function. a. Develop and use a model to explain the body's lines of defense and immunity. b. Obtain and communicate information to demonstrate an understanding of the disorders of the immune system (e.g., acquired immunodeficiency syndrome [AIDS], severe combined immunodeficiency [SCID]). |
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13 ) Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to support the claim that the endocrine glands secrete hormones that help the body maintain homeostasis through feedback loops. a. Analyze the effects of pathological conditions (e.g., pituitary dwarfism, Addison's disease, diabetes mellitus) caused by imbalance of the hormones of the endocrine glands. |
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