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Volcanoes StudyJam

Classroom Resource Information

Title:

Volcanoes StudyJam

URL:

https://studyjams.scholastic.com/studyjams/jams/science/rocks-minerals-landforms/volcanoes.htm

Content Source:

Other
http://studyjams.scholastic.com/

Type:

Audio/Video

Overview:

What are the Earth’s most fantastic, and sometimes most violent, geologic changes? Here is a hint: molten rock and ash shooting out of them!

Volcanoes produce some of the Earth's most violent geologic changes, but they are not always violent. Different kinds of volcanoes, including shield, cinder cone, composite, and ashflow caldera, produce different kinds of eruptions.

The classroom resource provides a video that will describe the different varieties of volcanoes and how their eruptions cause changes to Earth's surface. This resource will provide background information to students before they create their own models. There is also a short test that can be used to assess students' understanding.

Content Standard(s):

Science SC2015 (2015) Grade: 6 Earth and Space Science	4 ) Construct explanations from geologic evidence (e.g., change or extinction of particular living organisms; field evidence or representations, including models of geologic cross-sections; sedimentary layering) to identify patterns of Earth's major historical events (e.g., formation of mountain chains and ocean basins, significant volcanic eruptions, fossilization, folding, faulting, igneous intrusion, erosion). NAEP Framework NAEP Statement:: E8.3: Fossils provide important evidence of how life and environmental conditions have changed in a given location. NAEP Statement:: E8.4: Earth processes seen today, such as erosion and mountain building, make it possible to measure geologic time through methods such as observing rock sequences and using fossils to correlate the sequences at various locations. NAEP Statement:: E8.9b: Major geological events, such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and mountain building, result from these plate motions. Unpacked Content Scientific And Engineering Practices: Constructing Explanations and Designing Solutions Crosscutting Concepts: Patterns Disciplinary Core Idea: Earth's Systems Evidence Of Student Attainment: Students: Identify patterns of Earth's major historical events in geologic evidence. Construct explanations from identified patterns regarding Earth's major historical events. Teacher Vocabulary: Natural event Catastrophic event Mountain chain Ocean basin Fossilization Folding Faulting Igneous intrusion Erosion Volcano Volcanic eruption Asteroid impact Geologic time scale Rock Rock strata Fossil record Relative age Mineral Fossil Sedimentary rock Lava flow Knowledge: Students know: Major events in Earth's history include natural and catastrophic events. Natural events may include formations of mountain chains, formations of ocean basins, fossilization, folding, faulting, igneous intrusion, and erosion. Catastrophic events may include significant volcanic eruptions or asteroid impacts, The geologic time scale interpreted from rock strata provides a way to organize Earth's history. Analyses of rock strata and the fossil record provide only relative dates, not an absolute scale. Rock strata are layers of rock visually distinguishable from other layers of rock. Rocks are the solid mineral materials forming part of the surface of the Earth and other similar planets. Fossils are a trace or print of the remains of a plant or animal of a past age preserved in plant or rock. Unless they have been disturbed by subsequent activity, newer rock layers sit on top of older rock layers, allowing for a relative ordering in time of the formation of the layers (i.e., older sedimentary rocks lie beneath younger sedimentary rocks). Any rocks or features that cut existing rock strata are younger than the rock strata that they cut (e.g., a younger fault cutting across older, existing rock strata). The fossil record can provide relative ages based on the appearance or disappearance of organisms (e.g., fossil layers that contain only extinct animal groups are usually older than fossil layers that contain animal groups that are still alive today, and layers with only microbial fossils are typical of the earliest evidence of life). Specific major events (e.g., extensive lava flows, volcanic eruptions, asteroid impacts) can be used to indicate periods of time that occurred before a given event from periods that occurred after it. Skills: Students are able to: Articulate a statement that relates a given phenomenon to a scientific idea, including that geologic evidence can be used to identify patterns of Earth's major historical events. Identify and use multiple valid and reliable sources of evidence to construct an explanation identifying patterns of Earth's major historical events. Use reasoning to connect the evidence and support an explanation of patterns in Earth's major historical events. Understanding: Students understand that: The geologic time scale interpreted from rock strata provides a way to organize Earth's history. Analyses of rock strata and the fossil record provide only relative dates, not an absolute scale. Using a combination of the order of rock layers, the fossil record, and evidence of major geologic events, the relative time ordering of events can be constructed as a model for Earth's history, even though the timescales involved are immensely vaster than the lifetimes of humans or the entire history of humanity. AMSTI Resources: AMSTI Module: Exploring Planetary Systems Alabama Alternate Achievement Standards AAS Standard: SCI.AAS.6.4- Identify sedimentary layering in Earth as evidence of the formation of mountains.
Science SC2015 (2015) Grade: 6 Earth and Space Science	5 ) Use evidence to explain how different geologic processes shape Earth's history over widely varying scales of space and time (e.g., chemical and physical erosion; tectonic plate processes; volcanic eruptions; meteor impacts; regional geographical features, including Alabama fault lines, Rickwood Caverns, and Wetumpka Impact Crater). NAEP Framework NAEP Statement:: E8.4: Earth processes seen today, such as erosion and mountain building, make it possible to measure geologic time through methods such as observing rock sequences and using fossils to correlate the sequences at various locations. NAEP Statement:: E8.9a: Lithospheric plates on the scale of continents and oceans constantly move at rates of centimeters per year in response to movements in the mantle. NAEP Statement:: E8.9b: Major geological events, such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and mountain building, result from these plate motions. NAEP Statement:: P8.10e: Waves (including sound and seismic waves, waves on water, and light waves) have energy and transfer energy when they interact with matter. Unpacked Content Scientific And Engineering Practices: Constructing Explanations and Designing Solutions Crosscutting Concepts: Scale, Proportion, and Quantity Disciplinary Core Idea: Earth's Systems Evidence Of Student Attainment: Students: Use evidence to explain how different geologic processes shape Earth's history over widely varying scales of space and time. Teacher Vocabulary: Evidence Geology Geologic process Scale System Microscopic Global Time scale Spatial scale Uplift Landslide Geochemical reaction Earthquake Catastrophic event Composition Property Deposition Sediment Surface features Underground formations Erosion Chemical erosion Physical erosion Tectonic plates Tectonic plate processes Continent Continental drift theory Volcano Volcanic eruption Meteor Meteor impact Impact crater Weathering Fault line Cavern Knowledge: Students: The planet's systems interact over scales that range from microscopic to global in size, and they operate over fractions of a second to billions of years. These interactions have shaped Earth's history and will determine its future. Processes change Earth's surface at time and spatial scales that can be large (such as slow plate motions or the uplift of large mountain ranges) or small (such as rapid landslides or microscopic geochemical reactions). Many geologic processes that change Earth's features (such as earthquakes, volcanoes, and meteor impacts) usually behave gradually but are punctuated by catastrophic events. The composition of Earth's layers and their properties affect the surface of Earth. Geologic processes that have changed Earth's features include events like surface weathering, erosion, and deposition by the movements of water, ice, and wind. Surface weathering, erosion, movement, and the deposition of sediment range from large to microscopic scales (e.g., sediment consisting of boulders and microscopic grains of sand, raindrops dissolving microscopic amounts of minerals). Water's movements—both on the land and underground—cause weathering and erosion, which change the land's surface features and create underground formations. The motion of the Earth's plates produces changes on a planetary scale over a range of time periods from millions to billions of years. Evidence for the motion of plates can explain large-scale features of the Earth's surface (e.g., mountains, distribution of continents) and how they change. Catastrophic changes can modify or create surface features over a very short period of time compared to other geologic processes, and the results of those catastrophic changes are subject to further changes over time by processes that act on longer time scales (e.g., erosion of a meteor crater). Skills: Students are able to: Articulate a statement that relates a given phenomenon to a scientific idea, including that geologic processes have shaped the Earth's history over widely varying scales of space and time. Identify the corresponding timescales for each identified geoscience process. Identify and use multiple valid and reliable sources of evidence to construct an explanation that changes occur on very large or small spatial and/or temporal scales. Use reasoning to connect the evidence and support an explanation for how geologic processes have changed the Earth's surface at a variety of temporal and spatial scales. Understanding: Students understand that: The planet's systems interact over scales that range from microscopic to global in size, and they operate over fractions of a second to billions of years. These interactions have shaped Earth's history and will determine its future. A given surface feature is the result of a broad range of geoscience processes occurring at different temporal and spatial scales. Surface features will continue to change in the future as geoscience processes continue to occur. AMSTI Resources: AMSTI Module: Exploring Planetary Systems Exploring Plate Tectonics Alabama Alternate Achievement Standards AAS Standard: SCI.AAS.6.5- Recognize that changes in Earth's features are brought on by slow processes such as mountain building and fast processes such as volcanic eruptions; identify erosion as a process that changes Earth's surface.
Science SC2015 (2015) Grade: 6 Earth and Space Science	9 ) Use models to explain how the flow of Earth's internal energy drives a cycling of matter between Earth's surface and deep interior causing plate movements (e.g., mid-ocean ridges, ocean trenches, volcanoes, earthquakes, mountains, rift valleys, volcanic islands). NAEP Framework NAEP Statement:: E12.12a: Movement of matter through Earth's systems is driven by Earth's internal and external sources of energy. NAEP Statement:: E8.8: Earth is layered with a lithosphere; a hot, convecting mantle; and a dense, metallic core. NAEP Statement:: E8.9a: Lithospheric plates on the scale of continents and oceans constantly move at rates of centimeters per year in response to movements in the mantle. NAEP Statement:: E8.9b: Major geological events, such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and mountain building, result from these plate motions. Unpacked Content Scientific And Engineering Practices: Developing and Using Models Crosscutting Concepts: Energy and Matter Disciplinary Core Idea: Earth's Systems Evidence Of Student Attainment: Students: Use models to explain how the flow of Earth's internal energy drives a cycling of matter between Earth's surface and deep interior causing plate movements. Teacher Vocabulary: Crust Mantle Outer core Inner core Lithosphere Plates Tectonic plates Ocean plate Continental plate Asthenosphere Convection Convection current Magma Divergent plate boundary Theory of Plate Tectonics Convergent plate boundary Transform plate boundary Fault Lava Fissure Geyser Rift Basalt Granite Density Ocean trench Subduction Subduction zone Earthquake Mid-ocean ridge Mountain Rift valley Volcano Volcanic island Undersea canyon Knowledge: Students know: The layers of the Earth include, from outmost to innermost, the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust and upper mantle are broken into moving plates called the lithosphere. These plates are known as tectonic plates and fit around the globe like puzzle pieces. The asthenosphere is located below the lithosphere. The asthenosphere is hotter and more fluid than the lithosphere. Convection occurs in the asthenosphere. Convection is the transfer of heat by the actual movement of the heated material. Through convection, movements deep within the Earth, which carry heat from the hot interior to the cooler surface, cause the plates to move very slowly on the surface. The Theory of Plate Tectonics states that the outer rigid layer of the Earth is divided into a couple of dozen "plates" that move around across the Earth's surface relative to each other. The areas where plates interact are called plate boundaries. The three types of plate tectonic boundaries include divergent (dividing), convergent (colliding), and transform (grinding past each other). Because ocean plates are denser than continental plates, when these two types of plates converge, the ocean plates are subducted beneath the continental plates. Subduction zones and trenches are convergent margins. Subduction zones form when plates crash into each other, spreading ridges form when plates pull away from each other, and large faults form when plates slide past each other. A divergent boundary occurs when two tectonic plates move away from each other. Along these boundaries, lava spews from long fissures and geysers spurt superheated water. Frequent earthquakes strike along the rift. Beneath the rift, magma—molten rock—rises from the mantle. It oozes up into the gap and hardens into solid rock, forming new crust on the torn edges of the plates. Magma from the mantle solidifies into basalt, a dark, dense rock that underlies the ocean floor. Thus at divergent boundaries, oceanic crust, made of basalt, is created. When two plates come together, it is known as a convergent boundary. The impact of the two colliding plates buckles the edge of one or both plates up into a rugged mountain range called a mid-ocean ridge, and sometimes bends the other down into an ocean trench. Trenches are long, narrow, steep-sided depressions in the ocean floor. A chain of volcanoes often forms parallel to the boundary, to the mountain range, and to the trench. Powerful earthquakes shake a wide area on both sides of the boundary. If one of the colliding plates is topped with oceanic crust, it is forced down into the mantle where it begins to melt. Magma rises into and through the other plate, solidifying into new crust. Magma formed from melting plates solidifies into granite, a light colored, low-density rock that makes up the continents. Thus at convergent boundaries, continental crust, made of granite, is created, and oceanic crust is destroyed. Two plates sliding past each other forms a transform plate boundary. Rocks that line the boundary are pulverized as the plates grind along, creating a rift valley or undersea canyon. As the plates alternately jam and jump against each other, earthquakes rattle through a wide boundary zone. In contrast to convergent and divergent boundaries, no magma is formed. Thus, crust is cracked and broken at transform margins, but is not created or destroyed. Skills: Students are able to: Use a model of the flow of Earth's internal energy and the resulting plate movements and identify the relevant components. Describe the relationships between components of the model including how the flow of Earth's internal energy drives a cycling of matter between Earth's surface and deep interior causing plate movements. Articulate a statement that relates a given phenomenon to a scientific idea, including how the flow of Earth's internal energy drives a cycling of matter between Earth's surface and deep interior causing plate movements. Understanding: Students understand that: The flow of Earth's internal energy drives a cycling of matter between Earth's surface and deep interior. This cycling of matter causes plate movements. AMSTI Resources: AMSTI Module: Exploring Plate Tectonics Alabama Alternate Achievement Standards AAS Standard: SCI.AAS.6.9- Recognize that volcanic action, earthquakes, and mountain building are caused by the flow of matter beneath Earth's surface.

Tags:

cinder cone volcano, composite volcano, Earths surface, geologic activity, lava, magma, plate movement, shield volcano, volcano

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The test may be completed as a whole group or independently on student devices.

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Author:

Hannah Bradley

ALEX Classroom Resource

Volcanoes StudyJam