Courses of Study : Science

Matter and Its Interactions
Science (2015)
Grade(s): 9 - 12
Physical Science
All Resources: 3
Lesson Plans: 1
Classroom Resources: 2
1 ) Use the periodic table as a model to predict the relative properties and trends (e.g., reactivity of metals; types of bonds formed, including ionic, covalent, and polar covalent; numbers of bonds formed; reactions with oxygen) of main group elements based on the patterns of valence electrons in atoms.

Unpacked Content
Scientific And Engineering Practices:
Developing and Using Models
Crosscutting Concepts: Patterns
Disciplinary Core Idea: Matter and Its Interactions
Evidence Of Student Attainment:
Students:
  • Use the periodic table as a model to predict properties of main group elements based on patterns of valence electrons.
  • Use the periodic table as a model to predict the trends of main group elements based on patterns of valence electrons.
Teacher Vocabulary:
  • Periodic table
  • Valence electrons
  • Protons
  • Neutrons
  • Electrons
  • Family
  • Period
  • Covalent
  • Ionic
  • Oxidation number
  • Cations
  • Anions
  • Ions
  • Main group elements
  • Metal
  • Non-metal
Knowledge:
Students know:
  • The periodic table orders elements horizontally by the number of protons in the atom's nucleus and places those with similar chemical properties in columns.
  • The repeating patterns of the periodic table reflect patterns of outer electron states.
Skills:
Students are able to:
  • Identify and describe of the main group elements.
  • Describe how the number of protons determines an elements place on the periodic table.
  • Predict patterns of behavior of an element based on its position on the Periodic Table.
  • Predict number and charges of stable ions formed from atoms in a compound.
  • Determine the number and type of bonds formed.
  • Predict numbers of protons, neutrons, and electrons based on periodic table information.
Understanding:
Students understand that:
  • Students will understand how to propose an argument and defend their claim on electromagnetic radiation safety.
  • Non-ionizing radiation, such as those emitted in electronics.cannot cause immediate damage, but does interact with the body to potentially cause indirect damage, following long-term exposure.
  • Ionizing radiation, such as X-rays and gamma rays, can be hazardous.
AMSTI Resources:
ASIM Chemistry Module:
Periodic Table; Journey Into the Atom

NAEP Framework
NAEP Statement::
P12.3: In the Periodic Table, elements are arranged according to the number of protons (called the atomic number). This organization illustrates commonality and patterns of physical and chemical properties among the elements.

NAEP Statement::
P12.6: An atom's electron configuration, particularly of the outermost electrons, determines how the atom can interact with other atoms. The interactions between atoms that hold them together in molecules or between oppositely charged ions are called chemical bonds.


Science (2015)
Grade(s): 9 - 12
Physical Science
All Resources: 0
2 ) Plan and carry out investigations (e.g., squeezing a balloon, placing a balloon on ice) to identify the relationships that exist among the pressure, volume, density, and temperature of a confined gas .

Unpacked Content
Scientific And Engineering Practices:
Planning and Carrying out Investigations
Crosscutting Concepts: Cause and Effect
Disciplinary Core Idea: Matter and Its Interactions
Evidence Of Student Attainment:
Students:
  • Plan investigations to identify the relationship that exist among the pressure, volume, density and temperature of a confined gas.
  • Carry out investigations to identify the relationship that exist among the pressure, volume, density and temperature of a confined gas.
Teacher Vocabulary:
  • Pressure
  • Volume
  • Temperature
  • Density
  • Mass
  • Gas
  • Solid
  • Liquid
  • Control
  • Dependent variable
  • Independent variable
  • Direct relationship
  • Indirect relationship
  • Molecular-kinetic theory of matter
  • Heat vs. temperature
  • States of matter
Knowledge:
Students know:
  • Gases can be compressed very tightly or expanded to fill a very large space.
  • As the temperature of a gas increases, the gas particles move faster and hit the sides of their container more frequently.
  • As the temperature of a gas decreases, the gas particles move more slowly and hit the sides of their container less frequently.
Skills:
Students are able to:
  • Plan and carry out investigations to determine the relationship of the variables: pressure, temperature, volume, and density.
  • Create graphical representations of data from the investigation.
  • Analyze and interpret data from the investigation.
  • Communicate information collect from the investigations.
  • Use safe lab procedures.
Understanding:
Students understand that:
  • The changes in volume, pressure and temperature of a gas demonstrate a pattern that can be related mathematically.
  • These relationships can be direct or indirect.
AMSTI Resources:
ASIM Chemistry Module:
Cartesian Diver; Temperature-Volume Relationship of Gases
Science (2015)
Grade(s): 9 - 12
Physical Science
All Resources: 1
Lesson Plans: 1
3 ) Analyze and interpret data from a simple chemical reaction or combustion reaction involving main group elements.

Unpacked Content
Scientific And Engineering Practices:
Analyzing and Interpreting Data
Crosscutting Concepts: Patterns
Disciplinary Core Idea: Matter and Its Interactions
Evidence Of Student Attainment:
Students:
  • Analyze data from a simple chemical reaction or combustion reaction.
  • Interpret data from a simple chemical reaction or combustion reaction.
Teacher Vocabulary:
  • Products
  • Reactants
  • Reaction
  • Single replacement
  • Double replacement
  • Synthesis
  • Decomposition
  • Combustion
  • Chemical formula
  • solutions
  • Solutes
  • Solvents
  • Chemical reactions
  • Ions
  • ionic compounds
Knowledge:
Students know:
  • The total number of atoms of each element in the reactant and products is the same.
  • The numbers and types of bonds (ionic, covalent) that each atom forms are determined by the outermost (valence) electron states and the electronegativity.
  • The outermost (valence) electron state of the atoms that make up both the reactants and the products of the reaction is based on the atom's position in the periodic table.
Skills:
Students are able to:
  • Interpret data to determine the type of chemical reaction.
  • Analyze data to determine the patterns for each type of chemical reaction.
  • Balance simple chemical equations.
  • Write simple binary compound formulas and names.
Understanding:
Students understand that:
  • The fact that atoms are conserved, together with knowledge of the chemical properties of the elements involved, can be used to describe and predict chemical reactions.
  • There is a causal relationship between the observable macroscopic patterns of reactivity of elements in the periodic table and the patterns of outermost electrons for each atom and its relative electronegativity.
AMSTI Resources:
ASIM Chemistry Module:
Evidence of a Chemical Reactions
Science (2015)
Grade(s): 9 - 12
Physical Science
All Resources: 1
Learning Activities: 1
4 ) Analyze and interpret data using acid-base indicators (e.g., color-changing markers, pH paper) to distinguish between acids and bases, including comparisons between strong and weak acids and bases.

Unpacked Content
Scientific And Engineering Practices:
Analyzing and Interpreting Data
Crosscutting Concepts: Patterns
Disciplinary Core Idea: Matter and Its Interactions
Evidence Of Student Attainment:
Students:
  • Analyze data using acid-base indicators to distinguish between acids and bases, including comparisons between strong and weak acids and bases.
  • Interpret data using acid-base indicators to distinguish between acids and bases, including comparisons between strong and weak acids and bases.
Teacher Vocabulary:
  • Acid
  • Base
  • Indicator
  • pH
  • Arrhenius theory
  • Strong acid/base
  • Weak acid/base
  • Neutralization
  • Titration
Knowledge:
Students know:
  • An acid may be strong or weak, depending on its reaction with water to produce ions.
  • When an acid dissolves in water, a proton (hydrogen ion) is transferred to a water molecule and produces a hydronium ion.
  • A base may be strong or weak, depending on the number of hydroxide ions readily produced in solution.
Skills:
Students are able to:
  • Recognize common inorganic acids including hydrochloric (muriatic) acid, sulfuric acid, acetic acid, nitric acid and citric acid.
  • Recognize common bases including sodium bicarbonate, and hydroxides of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, barium and ammonium.
  • Use the pH scale to measure acidity or basicity.
Understanding:
Students understand that:
  • Acids are compounds that contain hydrogen and can dissolve in water to release hydrogen ions in solution.
  • Bases are substances that dissolve in water to release hydroxide ions (OH-) into solution.
  • The neutralization of an acid with a base produces water and a salt.
AMSTI Resources:
ASIM Chemistry Module:
Using Indicators and the pH Scale

NAEP Framework
NAEP Statement::
P12.7: A large number of important reactions involve the transfer of either electrons (oxidation/reduction reactions) or hydrogen ions (acid/base reactions) between reacting ions, molecules, or atoms. In other chemical reactions, atoms interact with one another by sharing electrons to create a bond. An important example is carbon atoms, which can bond to one another in chains, rings, and branching networks to form, along with other kinds of atoms (hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur), a variety of structures, including synthetic polymers, oils, and the large molecules essential to life.


Science (2015)
Grade(s): 9 - 12
Physical Science
All Resources: 0
5 ) Use mathematical representations to support and verify the claim that atoms, and therefore mass, are conserved during a simple chemical reaction.

Unpacked Content
Scientific And Engineering Practices:
Using Mathematics and Computational Thinking
Crosscutting Concepts: Energy and Matter
Disciplinary Core Idea: Matter and Its Interactions
Evidence Of Student Attainment:
Students:
  • Use mathematical representations to support the claim that atoms, and there for mass, are conserved during a simple chemical reaction.
  • Use mathematical representations to verify the claim that atoms, and there for mass, are conserved during a simple chemical reaction.
Teacher Vocabulary:
  • Atoms
  • Conservation
  • Chemical reaction
  • Mass
  • Balanced chemical equation
  • Reactants
  • Products
  • Molar mass
  • Avogadro's number
  • Stoichiometry
  • Ion
  • Molecule
  • Law of conservation of mass
  • Polyatomic ion
Knowledge:
Students know:
  • Matter can be understood in terms of the types of atoms present and the interactions both between and within them.
  • Chemical reactions, which underlie so many observed phenomena in living and nonliving systems alike, conserve the number of atoms of each type but change their arrangement into molecules.
Skills:
Students are able to:
  • Students use the mole to convert between the atomic and macroscopic scale in the analysis.
  • Given a chemical reaction, students use the mathematical representations to predict the relative number of atoms in the reactants versus the products at the atomic molecular scale.
  • Given a chemical reaction, students use the mathematical representations to calculate the mass of any component of a reaction, given any other component.
Understanding:
Students understand that:
  • When substances react chemically with other substances to form new substances with different proporties, the atoms are combined and rearranged to form new substances, but the total number of each atom is conserved and the mass does not change.
  • The property of conservation can be used to help describe and predict the outcomes of reactions.
AMSTI Resources:
ASIM Chemistry Module:
Law of Conservation of Matter
Science (2015)
Grade(s): 9 - 12
Physical Science
All Resources: 3
Learning Activities: 2
Classroom Resources: 1
6 ) Develop models to illustrate the concept of half-life for radioactive decay.

a. Research and communicate information about types of naturally occurring radiation and their properties.

b. Develop arguments for and against nuclear power generation compared to other types of power generation.

Unpacked Content
Scientific And Engineering Practices:
Developing and Using Models; Engaging in Argument from Evidence; Obtaining, Evaluating, and Communicating Information
Crosscutting Concepts: Systems and System Models; Energy and Matter
Disciplinary Core Idea: Matter and Its Interactions
Evidence Of Student Attainment:
Students:
  • Research and analyze science texts for radioactivity.
  • Communicate information obtained from various sources about types of naturally occurring radiation and their properties.
  • Engage in argument from evidence obtained from various sources for and against nuclear power generation compared to other types of power generation.
  • Develop and use a model to illustrate the concept of half-life for radioactive decay.
Teacher Vocabulary:
  • Atom
  • Isotopes
  • Protons
  • Neutrons
  • Electrons
  • Radioactivity
  • Half-life
  • Radioactive decay
  • Alpha particles
  • Beta particles
  • Positrons
  • Gamma
  • Fission
  • Fusion
  • Kinetic energy
  • Electromagnetic radiation
  • Emission
  • Nuclear power
  • Hydroelectric power
  • Solar power
  • Wind power
  • Penetrability
  • Fossil fuel combustion
  • Decay series
Knowledge:
Students know:
  • The atom is made of protons, neutrons, electrons.
  • The types of radioactive decay include alpha, beta, and gamma.
Skills:
Students are able to:
  • Exemplify the radioactive decay of unstable nuclei using the concept of half-life.
  • Perform simple half-life calculations based on an isotope's half-life value, time of decay, and/or amount of substance.
  • Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts attending to the precise details of explanations or descriptions.
  • Determine the central ideas or conclusions of a text; trace the explanation or depiction of a complex process, phenomenon, or concept; provide an accurate summary of the text distinct from prior knowledge or opinions.
  • Engage in argument from evidence.
  • Communicate information.
Understanding:
Students understand that:
  • Nuclear processes, including fusion, fission, and radioactive decays of unstable nuclei, involve release or absorption of energy.
  • Half-life can be used to date the age of organic objects.
AMSTI Resources:
ASIM Chemistry Module:
Analyzing Radiation; Half-Life Simulation

NAEP Framework
NAEP Statement::
P12.11: Fission and fusion are reactions involving changes in the nuclei of atoms. Fission is the splitting of a large nucleus into smaller nuclei and particles. Fusion involves joining two relatively light nuclei at extremely high temperature and pressure. Fusion is the process responsible for the energy of the Sun and other stars.

NAEP Statement::
P12.15: Nuclear reactions (fission and fusion) convert very small amounts of matter into appreciable amounts of energy.


Motion and Stability: Forces and Interactions
Science (2015)
Grade(s): 9 - 12
Physical Science
All Resources: 2
Lesson Plans: 2
7 ) Analyze and interpret data for one- and two-dimensional motion applying basic concepts of distance, displacement, speed, velocity, and acceleration (e.g., velocity versus time graphs, displacement versus time graphs, acceleration versus time graphs).

Unpacked Content
Scientific And Engineering Practices:
Analyzing and Interpreting Data
Crosscutting Concepts: Cause and Effect
Disciplinary Core Idea: Motion and Stability: Forces and Interactions
Evidence Of Student Attainment:
Students:
  • Analyze (break into parts) data for one-dimensional motion applying basic concepts of distance, displacement, speed, velocity, and acceleration.
  • Interpret (describe in own words) data for one-dimensional motion applying basic concepts of distance, displacement, speed, velocity, and acceleration.
  • Analyze (break into parts) data for two-dimensional motion applying basic concepts of distance, displacement, speed, velocity, and acceleration.
  • Interpret (describe in own words) data for two-dimensional motion applying basic concepts of distance, displacement, speed, velocity, and acceleration.
Teacher Vocabulary:
  • Distance
  • Displacement
  • Scalar
  • Vector
  • Speed
  • Velocity
  • Acceleration
  • Equation of a line
  • Slope
  • Trend line
Knowledge:
Students know:
  • A body is in motion if its position changes with respect to its surroundings.
  • A particle moving in a straight line undergoes one dimensional motion.
  • A particle moving along a curved path in a plane has two dimensional motion.
Skills:
Students are able to:
  • Create graphs from sets of data points.
  • Identify distance and displacement as a scalar/ vector pair.
  • Identify speed and velocity as a scalar/ vector pair.
  • Describe motion mathematically in terms of an object's change of position, distance traveled, and displacement.
  • Apply concepts of average speed and average velocity to solve conceptual and quantitative problems.
  • Explain velocity as a relationship between displacement and time. (Δd=vΔt)
  • Explain acceleration as a relationship between velocity and time. (a=Δv/Δt)
  • Use graphical analysis to understand conceptual trends in displacement, velocity, acceleration, and time.
  • Use graphical analysis to solve for displacement, velocity, acceleration, and time.
  • Calculate velocity and acceleration from displacement vs. time graphs.
Understanding:
Students understand that:
  • Motion graphs (displacement vs. time, velocity vs. time, and acceleration vs. time) for one- and two- dimensional motion may be used to derive (conceptual and mathematical) relationships of motion.
AMSTI Resources:
ASIM Physics Module:
Analyzing Motion Using Graphs; Run for It; Batter Up

NAEP Framework
NAEP Statement::
P12.17: The motion of an object can be described by its position and velocity as functions of time and by its average speed and average acceleration during intervals of time.


Science (2015)
Grade(s): 9 - 12
Physical Science
All Resources: 2
Lesson Plans: 2
8 ) Apply Newton's laws to predict the resulting motion of a system by constructing force diagrams that identify the external forces acting on the system, including friction (e.g., a book on a table, an object being pushed across a floor, an accelerating car).

Unpacked Content
Scientific And Engineering Practices:
Developing and Using Models
Crosscutting Concepts: Systems and System Models
Disciplinary Core Idea: Motion and Stability: Forces and Interactions
Evidence Of Student Attainment:
Students:
  • Predict the motion of a system by application of Newton's laws.
  • Construct force diagrams.
  • Identify external forces acting on a system.
Teacher Vocabulary:
  • Weight
  • Mass
  • Gravity
  • Acceleration
  • Velocity
  • Terminal velocity
  • Free fall
  • Friction
  • Static friction
  • Rolling friction
  • Fluid friction
  • Inertia
  • Force
  • Balanced forces
  • Unbalanced forces
  • Net force
  • Action-reaction pairs
  • Vectors
Knowledge:
Students know:
  • An object will remain at rest or in uniform motion unless acted on by an outside force.
  • The velocity of an object changes when it is subjected to an external force.
  • Gravity's acceleration is different on different planets.
  • Air resistance is responsible for terminal velocity for objects in free fall.
  • The property of inertia as related to mass.
  • Forces must be unbalanced for an object to change its motion.
  • Friction is a force that opposes motion.
Skills:
Students are able to:
  • Organize data that represent the net force on an object (mass and acceleration) via tables and graphs.
  • Construct force diagrams that identify all external forces acting on the system.
  • Explain (conceptually and mathematically) the relationship between force, mass, and acceleration. (The greater the force on an object, the greater its change in motion but the same amount of force applied to an object with more mass will result in less acceleration.)
  • Relate the difference between mass and weight. (Weight is a force dependent upon acceleration and mass is constant regardless of acceleration.)
  • Calculate weight when given mass. (Fg=mg)
  • Explain acceleration due to gravity as an example of uniformly changing velocity. (g=9.8 m/s2)
  • Relate the presence of air resistance to the concept of terminal velocity of an object in free fall.
  • Identify friction as a force that opposes motion of an object.
  • Classify the frictional forces present in different situations. (Sofa resting on the floor is static friction. A box pushed across the floor is sliding friction. A ball rolling across the floor is rolling friction. A boat moving through a river is fluid friction. An object in free-fall is fluid friction.)
  • Explain the property of inertia as related to mass. (An object at rest or at constant speed in a straight line will remain in that state unless acted upon by a force causing an unbalanced net force.)
  • Explain balanced and unbalanced forces mathematically and graphically with respect to acceleration to establish the relationship between net force, acceleration, and mass.
Understanding:
Students understand that:
  • The motion of a system may be predicted by applying Newton's laws of motion to force diagrams that identify all external forces acting on the system.
  • Forces acting on an object affect the motion of that object.
AMSTI Resources:
ASIM Physics Module:
Force Diagrams; Horizontal Friction
Science (2015)
Grade(s): 9 - 12
Physical Science
All Resources: 0
9 ) Use mathematical equations (e.g., (m1v1 + m2v2) before = (m1v1 + m2v2) after) and diagrams to explain that the total momentum of a system of objects is conserved when there is no net external force on the system.

a. Use the laws of conservation of mechanical energy and momentum to predict the result of one-dimensional elastic collisions.

Unpacked Content
Scientific And Engineering Practices:
Using Mathematics and Computational Thinking
Crosscutting Concepts: Energy and Matter
Disciplinary Core Idea: Motion and Stability: Forces and Interactions
Evidence Of Student Attainment:
Students:
  • Use mathematical equations to explain conservation of total momentum of a system of objects is conserved with no net external force.
  • Use diagrams to explain conservation of total momentum of a system of objects is conserved with no net external force.
  • Use laws of conservation of mechanical energy to predict the result of one-dimensional elastic collisions.
  • Use laws of conservation of momentum to predict the result of one-dimensional elastic collisions.
Teacher Vocabulary:
  • Momentum
  • Mass
  • Velocity
  • Elastic collisions
  • Inelastic collisions
  • Conservation of momentum
  • Conservation of mechanical energy
  • External force
Knowledge:
Students know:
  • An object's momentum is a relationship between its mass and velocity.
  • Students know that total momentum of a system of objects is conserved in a collision when no net external forces act on the system.
  • Students know that total mechanical energy of a system of objects is conserved in a one-dimensional elastic collision when no net external forces act on the system.
Skills:
Students are able to:
  • Define the system of the two interacting objects mathematically.
  • Define the system of the two interacting objects with diagrams. Infer how momentum is a relationship between mass and velocity of an object, ρ=mv.
  • Identify and describe mathematically the momentum of each object in the system as the product of its mass and its velocity.
  • Use diagrams to model, predict and describe the physical interaction (in an elastic collision) of the two objects in terms of the change in the momentum of each object as a result of the interaction.
  • Use mathematical representations to model, predict and describe the physical interaction (in an elastic collision) of the two objects in terms of the change in the momentum of each object as a result of the interaction.
  • Use mathematical representations to model, predict and describe the physical interaction (in an elastic collision) of the two objects in terms of the change in the mechanical energy of each object as a result of the interaction.
Understanding:
Students understand that:
  • If a system interacts with objects outside itself, the total momentum of the system can change; however, any such change is balanced by changes in the momentum of objects outside the system.

NAEP Framework
NAEP Statement::
P12.21: Whenever one object exerts force on another, a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction is exerted by the second object back on the first object. In closed systems, momentum is the quantity of motion that is conserved. Conservation of momentum can be used to help validate the relationship a=Fnet/m.

NAEP Statement::
P12.9: Energy may be transferred from one object to another during collisions.


Science (2015)
Grade(s): 9 - 12
Physical Science
All Resources: 0
10 ) Construct simple series and parallel circuits containing resistors and batteries and apply Ohm's law to solve typical problems demonstrating the effect of changing values of resistors and voltages.

Unpacked Content
Scientific And Engineering Practices:
Developing and Using Models
Crosscutting Concepts: Cause and Effect
Disciplinary Core Idea: Motion and Stability: Forces and Interactions
Evidence Of Student Attainment:
Students:
  • Construct simple series circuits containing resistors and batteries.
  • Construct simple parallel circuits containing resistors and batteries.
  • Apply Ohm's law to solve typical problems with changing values of resistors.
  • Apply Ohm's law to solve typical problems with changing values of voltage.
Teacher Vocabulary:
  • Circuit
  • Resistor
  • Wire
  • Battery
  • Bulbs
  • Capacitor
  • Conductor
  • Insulator
  • Charge
  • Amps
  • Volts
  • Ohms
  • Multimeter
Knowledge:
Students know:
  • A series circuit is a closed circuit in which resistors are arranged in a chain and the current follows only one path.
  • A parallel circuit is a closed in which the current divides into two or more paths before recombining to complete the circuit.
  • A multimeter is a device consisting of one or more meters, as an ammeter and voltmeter, used to measure two or more electrical quantities in an electric circuit, as voltage, resistance, and current.
  • Energy can be transferred from place to place by electric currents.
Skills:
Students are able to:
  • Construct a series circuit with resistors (bulbs) and batteries.
  • Construct a parallel circuit with resistors (bulbs) and batteries.
  • Use a multimeter to take data of amps, ohms and volts for the circuits.
  • Use Ohm's law to verify your circuit current, resistance, and voltage amounts.
Understanding:
Students understand that:
  • Energy released by electricity can move from place to place.
  • Ohm's law formulas may be used to calculate electrical values to design circuits.and use electricity in a useful way.
AMSTI Resources:
ASIM Physics Module:
Electrical Circuits
Energy
Science (2015)
Grade(s): 9 - 12
Physical Science
All Resources: 2
Lesson Plans: 2
11 ) Design and conduct investigations to verify the law of conservation of energy, including transformations of potential energy, kinetic energy, thermal energy, and the effect of any work performed on or by the system.

Unpacked Content
Scientific And Engineering Practices:
Planning and Carrying out Investigations
Crosscutting Concepts: Energy and Matter
Disciplinary Core Idea: Energy
Evidence Of Student Attainment:
Students:
  • Design investigations to verify law of conservation of energy.
  • Design investigations to verify the interchange between potential energy, kinetic energy, thermal energy, and work done on or by a system.
  • Conduct investigations to verify the law of conservation of energy.
  • Conduct investigations to verify the interchange between potential, kinetic energy, thermal energy, and work done on or by a system.
Teacher Vocabulary:
  • System
  • Energy
  • Mechanical
  • Temperature
  • Conduction
  • Convection
  • Radiation
  • Friction
  • Force
  • Specific heat capacity
  • Latent heat
  • Heat of vaporization
  • Law of Conservation of energy
  • Transformation
  • Potential energy
  • Kinetic energy
  • Thermal energy
  • Heat
  • Work
  • Phase changes
Knowledge:
Students know:
  • Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be transported from one place to another and transferred between systems.
  • Properties of materials cause different materials to absorb and release energy differently.
  • Conduction, convection, and radiation are methods of energy transfer.
  • Energy can be conserved when there are changes in potential, kinetic, or heat energy.
Skills:
Students are able to:
  • Compare thermal energy, heat, and temperature.
  • Compare scenarios in which work is done and explain the differences in magnitude of work done using the relationship W=FΔd
  • Infer the ability of various materials to absorb or release thermal energy in order to relate mass, specific heat capacity and temperature of materials to the amount of heat transferred (q=mCΔT).
  • Relate phase changes to latent heat that changes the potential energy of particles while the average kinetic energy of particles (temperature) remains the same.
  • Compare conduction, convection, and radiation as methods of energy transfer.
  • Exemplify the relationships between kinetic energy, potential energy, and heat to illustrate that total energy is conserved in mechanical systems such as a pendulum, roller coaster, carts/balls on ramps.
  • Relate types of friction in a system to the transformation of mechanical energy to heat.
  • Explain scenarios in which work is done identifying the force, displacement, and energy transfer. (When work is done on an object, the result is an increase in its energy and is accompanied by a decrease in energy elsewhere.)
Understanding:
Students understand that:
  • Conservation of energy means that the total change of energy in any system is always equal to the total energy transferred into or out of the system.
AMSTI Resources:
ASIM Physics Module:
Bouncy; Ball Energy and Work; Energy and Power

NAEP Framework
NAEP Statement::
P12.13: The potential energy of an object on Earth's surface is increased when the object's position is changed from one closer to Earth's surface to one farther from Earth's surface.

NAEP Statement::
P12.16: Total energy is conserved in a closed system.

NAEP Statement::
P12.9: Energy may be transferred from one object to another during collisions.


Science (2015)
Grade(s): 9 - 12
Physical Science
All Resources: 2
Lesson Plans: 1
Classroom Resources: 1
12 ) Design, build, and test the ability of a device (e.g., Rube Goldberg devices, wind turbines, solar cells, solar ovens) to convert one form of energy into another form of energy.*

Unpacked Content
Scientific And Engineering Practices:
Constructing Explanations and Designing Solutions
Crosscutting Concepts: Energy and Matter
Disciplinary Core Idea: Energy
Evidence Of Student Attainment:
Students:
  • D design a device to convert one form of energy to another.
  • Build their designed device to convert one form of energy to another.
  • Test their device that converts one form of energy to another.
Teacher Vocabulary:
  • Energy
  • Force
  • Machine
  • Simple machine
  • Complex machine
  • Wedge
  • Screw
  • Inclined plane
  • Pulley
  • Wheel
  • Axle
  • Lever
  • Work
  • Conservation of energy
  • Ideal mechanical advantage
  • Actual mechanical advantage
  • Efficiency
  • Heat
  • Temperature
Knowledge:
Students know:
  • Energy can be converted from one form to another in a designed system.
  • Energy can manifest itself in many ways at the macroscopic level such as motion, sound, light and thermal energy.
  • No system can be 100% efficient.
Skills:
Students are able to:
  • Identify the scientific principles that provide the basis for the energy conversion design.
  • Identify the forms of energy that will be converted from one form to another in the designed system.
  • Identify losses of energy by the design system to the surrounding environment.
  • Describe the scientific rationale for choices made for materials and structure of their device in their design plan.
  • Use results of the tests to improve the device performance by increasing the efficiency of energy conversion.
  • Determine the component simple machines that make up complex machines such as categorizing a wedge and screw as a variation of an inclined plane; a pulley and wheel/ axle as a variation of a lever.
  • Explain the relationship between work input and work output for simple machines using the law of conservation of energy. (W = FΔd)
  • Define and determine ideal and actual mechanical advantage. (IMA = dE/dR AMA = FR/FE)
  • Define and determine efficiency of machines. (Wout/Win x 100%)
  • Explain why no machine can be 100% efficient.
Understanding:
Students understand that:
  • In designing a system for energy storage, for energy distribution, or to perform some practical task, it is important to design for maximum efficiency—thereby ensuring that the largest possible fraction of the energy is used for the desired purpose rather than being transferred out of the system in unwanted ways.
  • Changes of energy and matter in a system can be described in terms of energy and matter flows into, out of, and within that system.
AMSTI Resources:
ASIM Physics Module:
Rube Goldberg Machine
Waves and Their Applications in Technologies for Information Transfer
Science (2015)
Grade(s): 9 - 12
Physical Science
All Resources: 0
13 ) Use mathematical representations to demonstrate the relationships among wavelength, frequency, and speed of waves (e.g., the relation v = λ f) traveling in various media (e.g., electromagnetic radiation traveling in a vacuum and glass, sound waves traveling through air and water, seismic waves traveling through Earth).

Unpacked Content
Scientific And Engineering Practices:
Using Mathematics and Computational Thinking
Crosscutting Concepts: Cause and Effect
Disciplinary Core Idea: Waves and Their Applications in Technologies for Information Transfer
Evidence Of Student Attainment:
Students:
  • Demonstrate the relationship between frequency (period), wavelength and speed of waves with mathematical quantities and units.
  • Identify how different media change frequency (period), wavelength and speed of waves.
Teacher Vocabulary:
  • Wavelength
  • Frequency
  • Period
  • Amplitude
  • Velocity
  • Medium
  • Longitudinal wave
  • Transverse wave
  • Surface wave
  • Mechanical
  • Refraction
  • Light
  • Sound
  • Reflection
  • Diffraction
  • Interference
Knowledge:
Students know:
  • Waves are a repeating pattern of motion that transfers energy from place to place without overall displacement of matter.
  • A simple wave has a repeating pattern of specific wavelength, frequency, and amplitude.
Skills:
Students are able to:
  • Use mathematics and computational thinking to solve for one wave component/variable when the other two are given.
  • Predict the change in a wave as it passes through different media.
  • Compare and contrast longitudinal and transverse waves.
  • Construct ray diagrams as light is refracted or reflected through/ from different media.
  • Label the components of a wave.
  • Classify waves as electromagnetic, mechanical or surface.
Understanding:
Students understand that:
  • The wavelength and frequency of a wave are related to one another by the speed of travel of the wave, which depends on the type of wave and the medium through which it is passing.
AMSTI Resources:
ASIM Physics Module:
Wave Speed PhET

NAEP Framework
NAEP Statement::
P12.10: Electromagnetic waves are produced by changing the motion of charges or by changing magnetic fields. The energy of electromagnetic waves is transferred to matter in packets. The energy content of the packets is directly proportional to the frequency of the electromagnetic waves.


Science (2015)
Grade(s): 9 - 12
Physical Science
All Resources: 1
Lesson Plans: 1
14 ) Propose and defend a hypothesis based on information gathered from published materials (e.g., trade books, magazines, Internet resources, videos) for and against various claims for the safety of electromagnetic radiation.

Unpacked Content
Scientific And Engineering Practices:
Engaging in Argument from Evidence
Crosscutting Concepts: Cause and Effect
Disciplinary Core Idea: Waves and Their Applications in Technologies for Information Transfer
Evidence Of Student Attainment:
Students:
  • Propose and defend a hypothesis based on information from published materials for various claims for the safety of electromagnetic radiation.
  • Propose and defend a hypothesis based on information from published materials against various claims against the safety of electromagnetic radiation.
  • Engage in argument from evidence obtained from various sources.
  • Analyze science resources.
  • Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis.
  • Evaluate and integrate multiple sources of information from visual, quantitative, and word formats to address questions or solve problems.
  • Form a coherent understanding of electromagnetic radiation by synthesizing information from a range of sources.
  • Resolve conflicting information.
  • Communicate information obtained from various sources.
Teacher Vocabulary:
  • Electromagnetic waves
  • E/M spectrum
  • Visible light
  • Microwaves
  • Frequency
  • Radio frequencies
  • Video terminals
  • Magnetic fields
  • Internet resources
  • Ionizing radiation
  • Non-ionizing radiation
  • Wavelength
Knowledge:
Students know:
  • Electromagnetic radiation (e.g., radio, microwaves, light) can be modeled as a wave pattern of changing electric and magnetic fields or, alternatively, as particles.
  • Electromagnetic radiation may be ionizing or non-ionizing type. Non-ionizing type of radiation is used in common electronic devices.
  • Non-ionizing type of radiation is used in common electronic devices.
Skills:
Students are able to:
  • Identify types of electromagnetic radiation.
  • Select credible resources from the Internet and AVL for use in the argument.
  • Categorize electromagnetic radiation according to safety levels for humans.
  • Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts.
  • Determine the central ideas or conclusions of a text; trace the explanation or depiction of a complex process, phenomenon, or concept; provide an accurate summary of the text distinct from prior knowledge or opinions.
  • Engage in argument from evidence on the safety of electromagnetic radiation.
Understanding:
Students understand that:
  • Non-ionizing radiation, such as those emitted in electronics, cannot cause immediate damage, but does interact with the body to potentially cause indirect damage, following long-term exposure.
  • Ionizing radiation, such as X-rays and gamma rays, can be hazardous.

NAEP Framework
NAEP Statement::
P12.10: Electromagnetic waves are produced by changing the motion of charges or by changing magnetic fields. The energy of electromagnetic waves is transferred to matter in packets. The energy content of the packets is directly proportional to the frequency of the electromagnetic waves.


Science (2015)
Grade(s): 9 - 12
Physical Science
All Resources: 0
15 ) Obtain and communicate information from published materials to explain how transmitting and receiving devices (e.g., cellular telephones, medical-imaging technology, solar cells, wireless Internet, scanners, Sound Navigation and Ranging [SONAR]) use the principles of wave behavior and wave interactions with matter to transmit and capture information and energy.

Unpacked Content
Scientific And Engineering Practices:
Obtaining, Evaluating, and Communicating Information
Crosscutting Concepts: Cause and Effect; Energy and Matter
Disciplinary Core Idea: Waves and Their Applications in Technologies for Information Transfer
Evidence Of Student Attainment:
Students:
  • Analyze science texts.
  • Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis.
  • Determine central ideas or conclusions of science /technical text.
  • Evaluate and integrate multiple sources of information from visual, quantitative, and word formats to address questions or solve problems.
  • Form a coherent understanding of a process, phenomenon, or concept by synthesizing information from a range of sources.
  • Obtain information obtained from various sources showing how transmitting and receiving devices use wave behavior and interactions to transmit and capture information and energy.
  • Communicate information obtained from various sources showing how transmitting and receiving devices use wave behavior and interactions to transmit and capture information and energy.
Teacher Vocabulary:
  • Transmit
  • Receive
  • Devices
  • Waves
  • Frequency
  • Wavelength
  • Amplitude
  • Period
  • Velocity
  • Longitudinal waves (compression)
  • Transverse waves
  • Rarefactions
  • Interference (constructive and destructive)
  • Superposition
  • Reflection
  • Refraction
  • Wave behavior
  • Wave interactions
  • Matter
  • Capture
  • Energy
Knowledge:
Students know:
  • Three ways that waves may interact with matter are reflection, refraction, and diffraction.
  • The controlled use of waves have applications in science. Wave types vary based on wave speed, type of material (medium) required, motion of particles, and how they are produced.
  • Solar cells are human-made devices that likewise capture the sun's energy and produce electrical energy. Photoelectric materials emit electrons when they absorb light of a high-enough frequency.
  • When a light wave encounters an object, they are either transmitted, reflected, absorbed, refracted, polarized, diffracted, or scattered depending on the composition of the object and the wavelength of the light.
Skills:
Students are able to:
  • Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts attending to the precise details of explanations or descriptions.
  • Determine the central ideas or conclusions of a text; trace the explanation or depiction of a complex process, phenomenon, or concept; provide an accurate summary of the text distinct from prior knowledge or opinions.
  • Communicate information.
Understanding:
Students understand that:
  • Multiple technologies based on the understanding of waves and their interactions with matter are part of everyday experiences in the modern world (e.g., medical imaging, communications, scanners) and in scientific research.
  • Transmitting and receiving devices use the principles of wave behavior and wave interactions with matter to transmit and capture information and energy.
  • Information can be digitized (e.g., a picture stored as the values of an array of pixels); in this form, it can be stored reliably in computer memory and sent over long distances as a series of wave pulses.