Standard(s):
[ELA2021] (2) 10 : 10. Apply knowledge of phoneme-grapheme correspondences, multisyllabic word construction, and syllable division principles to decode and encode (spell) words accurately in isolation and in context.
a. Decode multisyllabic words with common syllable patterns, including open/closed, vowel-r, vowel-consonant-e, vowel teams, consonant-le, and schwa syllables.
b. Apply knowledge of multisyllabic word construction and syllable division principles to decode grade-appropriate multisyllabic words.
Examples: VC/CV, V/CV, VC/V, CV/VC; rab-bit, o-pen, cab-in, li-on
c. Decode and encode words with three-consonant blends and blends containing digraphs.
d. Decode and encode words with consonant digraphs, trigraphs, and combinations.
Examples: qu, sh, ch, th, ph, wh, tch, dge
e. Decode and encode words with variable vowel teams and vowel diphthongs.
Examples: oi, oy; ou, ow; au, aw; oo, ew, ue; ee, ea; igh, ie; ai, ay
f. Decode and encode words with vowel-r combinations.
Examples: ar, air, are, ear, eer, er, ere, eir, ir, or, oar, ore, our, ur
g. Decode and encode words that follow the -ild, -ost, -old, -olt, and -ind patterns.
Examples: wild, most, cold, colt, mind
h. Decode and encode words with a after w read /ä/ and a before l read /â/.
Examples: wash, water, wasp; tall, all, talk, small, fall
i. Decode and encode words with or after w read /er/.
Examples: world, word, worm, worst, work
j. Decode and encode words with the hard and soft sounds of c and g, in context and in isolation.
Examples: c=/k/ before a, o, u, or any consonant and c= /s/ before i, e, or y
g=/g/ before a, o, u, or any consonant and g=/j/ before i, e, or y
k. Decode and encode words with vowel y in the final position of one and two syllable words, distinguishing the difference between the long /ī/ sound in one-syllable words and the long /ē/ sound in two-syllable words, and words with vowel y in medial position, producing the short /ĭ/ sound for these words.
Examples: fly, my; baby, happy; myth, gym
l. Decode words with silent letter combinations.
Examples: kn, mb, gh
m. Decode and encode words with prefixes and suffixes, including words with dropped e and y-to-i changes for suffix addition.
Examples: pro-, trans-, non-, mid-; -ful, -less, -ness, -ed, ing, -es, -er, -est, -en, -y, -ly
n. Decode and encode grade-appropriate high frequency words that are spelled using predictable, decodable phoneme-grapheme correspondences, including those that contain only one irregularity.
Examples: decodable - number, way, my, than, word
decodable except for one irregularity - other (o is schwa), from- (o is schwa)
what - (a is schwa or short o depending on dialect)
o. Decode and encode contractions with am, is, has, not, have, would, and will.
Examples: I'm, he's, she's, isn't, don't, I've, he'd, they'll
[ELA2021] (2) 17 : 17. Analyze meaningful parts of words and phrases in discussions and/or text.
a. Identify possessives and plurals and use them as clues to the meaning of text.
Example: girl's dress; boys' game; cats, cat's, cats'; houses, house's shutters
b. Identify meaningful parts of words (morphemes) and use them as clues to the meaning of unknown words, including base words, compound words, and frequently occurring affixes and inflections.
Examples: -less, -ful, -est
Note: Adding suffix -est changes an adjective to a superlative adjective; adding suffix -ful changes the part of speech.
[ELA2021] (3) 8 : 8. Apply knowledge of phoneme-grapheme correspondences, multisyllabic word construction, and syllable division principles to decode and encode (spell) words accurately in isolation and in context.
a. Decode multisyllabic words with common syllable patterns, including open/closed, vowel-r, vowel-consonant-e, vowel teams, consonant-le, and odd or schwa syllables.
b. Apply knowledge of multisyllabic word construction and syllable division principles to decode grade-appropriate multisyllabic words.
Examples: VC/CV, V/CV, VC/V, CV/VC; com-mit-ment, e-vent, ev-er-y, po-et
c. Decode and encode words with three-consonant blends, digraphs, trigraphs, quadrigraph eigh, combinations, diphthongs, and silent letter combinations.
Examples: spl-, str-, scr-, squ-; th, sh, ch, ck, ph; tch, dge, igh; er, ir, ar, or; oi, oy, ou, ow; kn, gn, mb, wr, gh
d. Decode and encode words with graphemes that represent multiple sound-symbol correspondences by applying knowledge of most common to least common frequency.
Examples: y can be read /y/ in yet, /ē/ in candy, /ī/ in fly
digraph ch can be read /ch/ in chair, /sh/ in chef, and /k/ in school
diphthong ow is read /ou/ in cow, but digraph ow is read /ō/ in snow
e. Decode and encode multisyllabic words using knowledge of stress or accent to pronounce a word correctly, including the schwa sound when appropriate.
Examples: the noun con'/vict vs. the verb con/vict'; the noun pro'/duce vs. the verb pro/duce'
f. Decode and encode words using knowledge of the morphological structure of a word, including prefixes, suffixes, and roots.
Examples: fore-, anti-, post-, sub-; -ment, -hood, -er, -or; port, ject, form, dict
g. Decode and encode contractions with am, is, has, not, have, would, and will.
Examples: I'm, he's, she's, isn't, don't, I've, he'd, they'll
h. Decode and encode frequently confused homophones accurately using knowledge of English and meaning to facilitate learning.
Examples: hear/here; night/knight; tacks/tax
i. Decode and encode words with hard and soft c and g.
j. Decode and encode grade-appropriate high frequency words that follow regular and irregular phoneme-grapheme correspondences, using knowledge of the specific sound-symbol correspondences that are irregular.
[ELA2021] (3) 15 : 15. Analyze meaningful parts (morphemes) of words and phrases in discussions and/or text.
a. Identify meaningful parts of words (morphemes) and use them as clues to the meaning of unfamiliar words, including base words, roots, and frequently occurring affixes and inflections.
Examples: affixes -less, -ful, pro-, trans- ; roots aqua, cent, port, form, ject, spect, dict, tend, fer
b. Apply knowledge of the changes in tense (-ed), number (-s), and degree (-er and -est) signified by inflected endings to determine the meaning of a word.
c. Identify common and derivational prefixes and suffixes and use them as clues to a word's meaning.
Examples: pre-, re-, mis-; -ly, -less, -ful, -able, -ment
d. Identify common Latin and Greek roots and use them to determine the meaning of unfamiliar words.
e. Sort words with shared and varied suffixes by parts of speech.
